Pandemics can travel quickly and readily across borders and continents in today's global society, wreaking havoc on health and the global economy. There is no one method to stop any such infections from spreading. Various mechanisms of infection transmission, such as aerosol, droplets, and fomites (often used surfaces), exacerbate the situation. As a result, multiple-barrier protection is frequently required. In addition to high hygiene standards and vaccination programmes, various control measures, such as adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) or antiviral/antibacterial surfaces in public facilities, such as schools, health centres, or airports, are critical to preventing microbial transmission. Antimicrobial characteristics of various surface materials and coatings have been the subject of a large amount of research. The antiviral or viricidal characteristics of materials, on the other hand, are less well understood. While bacteria are single-celled living creatures,